Shull, a scientist at the carnegie institute in washington, d. Generation of maize zea mays doubled haploids via traditional methods abstract commercial maize hybrid production has corroborated the usefulness of producing inbred lines. Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of. Human societies depend upon maize for food, health, scientific knowledge, economic growth, culture and spirituality. Traditionally, dh production requires the use of chemical doubling agents to induce haploid genome doubling and, subsequently, male fertility. Crops bred for higher levels of micronutrients using conventional breeding methods. Several breeding methods are available to plant breeders for germplasm improvement, such as the pedigree method, bulk method, single seed descent, backcross method, and recurrent selection. A strong recognition of the relevance of qpm came through the award of world food prize to surinder vasal and evangelina villegas in the year 2000, leading to a resurgence in qpm breeding and release of cultivars both openpollinated varieties opvs and hybrids across ssa, asia, and latin america. Selection for lodging resistance and blight resistance in the breeding nurseries resulted in slight improvements in the varieties under reciprocal recurrent selection and in the variety cross. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. Better management can increase yield but only to a limited extent. New plant breeding technologies for food security science. Introduction to maize breeding nathan schnur overview what is plant breeding.
In this document the terms maize and corn are used to refer to. Responses to seven methods of recurrent selection in the bs11. Their relationships to one another, as well as the general developments in maize genetics and breeding growth, are included. Traditional methods for developing inbred lines typically require 6 to 10 generations of selfpollination to obtain sufficient. Future improvements in maize productivity will require more effective utilization of. Screening and hplc methods for carotenoids in sweetpotato. Click download or read online button to get genetics biotechnology and breeding of maize and sorghum book now.
Maize is a type of grain produced for human consumption in many forms and as a source of oil. But other methods were in the process of development. The contribution of breeding to yield advances in maize zea. This site is like a library, use search box in the. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support. New technologies on multiple scales are reengineering traditional plant breeding to meet. This book provides the biographies, and a related summary, of geneticists and breeders of maize who have contributed to the major discoveries in the 20th century. Selffertilization, where pollen from a plant will fertilise reproductive cells or ovules of the same plant.
The most important methods of breeding crosspollinated species are 1 mass selection. Maize breeding is one of the successful examples of breederdirected evolution. Since crosspollinated species are naturally hybrid heterozygous for many traits and lose vigour as they become purebred homozygous, a goal of each of these breeding methods. Oct 30, 2019 maize domestication and breeding have resulted in drastic and well documented changes in aboveground traits, but belowground effects on root system functioning and rhizosphere microbial.
Breeding objectives higher yield better quality grain color, protein content, two amino acids, viz. The average area of maize grown in nsw from 1998 to 2007 was 26,944 ha, producing 211,681 tonnes of grain figure ii. Maize breeding iowa state university digital repository. In the eartorow test alternate rows were detasseled to prevent inbreeding. In yellowfleshed sweetpotato and cassava, however, spectrophotometric screening overestimated the hplc values because of the presence of several. Kaushik kumar panigrahi assistant professor, department of plant breeding and genetics, college of agriculture, chiplima submitted by.
Germplasm sources and breeding methods of sweet maize. Ppt introduction to maize breeding powerpoint presentation. One of the challenges of growing maize is that the best methods for cultivation usually depend on local conditions. Crop science abstract a maize breeding methods study in. Index sn lecture page no lec 01 aims and objectives of plant breeding 15 lec 02 modes of reproduction 610 lec 03 apomixis classification and significance in plant breeding 1116 lec 04 modes of pollination 1721 lec 05 classification of plants 2224 lec 06 botanical description and floral biology 2529 lec 07 maize zea mays 2n 20 3033. Doubled haploid dh technology has changed the maize breeding landscape in recent years. Genetics, genomics and breeding of maize crc press book. The phenomenon of heterosis in maize stimulated the initial research that led to the development and introduction of hybrid maize e. Traditional farming can only yield limited food for humans and animals. The contribution of breeding to yield advances in maize. Greater attention to ear height and lodging resistance is required to reduce harvesting losses in the commercial maize crop in kenya.
Maize breeding is an attempt to genetically and environmentally enhance maize crops so that they are more resistant to disease and pests, more productive, and more tolerant of adverse weather conditions. Molecular breeding for nutritionally enriched maize. Using both phenotypic and molecular methods plant breeding for local adaptation to texas conditions graduate student training the most important program output this page is aimed at prospective graduate students genetics and breeding methodology simulation and analysis using r phenotyping of various traits of interest. Sequencing of the maize genome has opened up new opportunities in maize breeding, genetics and genomics research. The history of maize breeding methods in the usa is. Impact of spontaneous haploid genome doubling in maize breeding. Impact of spontaneous haploid genome doubling in maize. Methods abstract commercial maize hybrid production has corroborated the usefulness of producing inbred lines. Globally, maize yields doubled during this time, from 1. Now a dupont subsidiary, pioneer is the worlds leading developer. Presentation on breeding technique in maize guided by. Maize domestication and breeding have resulted in drastic and well documented changes in aboveground traits, but belowground effects on root system functioning and rhizosphere microbial. A world without hunger is possible but only if food production is sustainably increased and distributed and extreme poverty is eliminated.
The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. Mar 22, 2020 maize breeding is an attempt to genetically and environmentally enhance maize crops so that they are more resistant to disease and pests, more productive, and more tolerant of adverse weather conditions. Current prediction challenges are highlighted, as well as important advances in technology, methods, datasets, interdisciplinary collaborations, and scientific culture that will enable accelerated progress in predictive maize and other crop species breeding for years to come. Impacts of maize domestication and breeding on rhizosphere. Modern maize breeding methods are primarily a 20th century phenomenon. As maize is one of the best researched and characterised plants, significant amounts of information are available for many aspects of the biology of maize, and the reader is referred to the literature provided in this document as a starting point. Maize with a high percentage of translucent of hard endosperm is preferred by the dry milling industry, because it produces more of the popular highquality and highvalue products sought after than does soft maize. Hallauer abstract methods include these three phases, they vary in types recurrent selection methods have been effectively used by maize of progenies evaluated i. An overview of the genetics of zea mays and a stepbystep procedure for making controlled crosses between varieties of corn. The crop also has other industrial and nonindustrial. When commercial hybrid maize was first introduced, few people realized its potential to increase the worlds agricultural productivity. The company eventually became known as pioneer hibred international, inc. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. The traditional breeding methods have not developed much high yielding varieties with largescale impact on production and productiv ity of chickpea 5, 6.
Globally, most of the poor and undernourished people live in rural areas of developing countries, where they depend on agriculture as a source of food, income, and employment. Pdf maize is one of the most important economic crops and the best studied and most tractable genetic system among monocots. Prior to 1909, nearly all maize breeding was done by farmers or farmerseedsmen, who used mass selection as their main breeding method hallauer et al. Maize is a staple food crop in many developing countries. Maize is thought to have originated at least 5000 years ago in the highlands of mexico, peru, ecuador, andor bolivia because of the great density of native forms found in the region. Shull work in maize is the forerunner for the present day hybrid maize programme. In most types of maize production, crop rotations are used to maintain the soil over a long period. Maize breeders have improved productivity through selection on phenotype. Conventional breeding practices can now be complemented by a number of new and powerful techniques. Responses to seven methods of recurrent selection in the. But plant breeding as a technology increased yield to a very large extent.
Doubled haploid dh technology has changed the maizebreeding landscape in recent years. A comparison of maizebreeding methods 3 label the rows in the crossed experiment c 1 to c 20 and those of the selfed experiment s 1 to s 20. A major problem is the long generation time of crops, as breeding needs frequent crossing and selfing. Some of these often referred to as molecular methods. When a comparison was made of yielding ability from seed saved from detasseled rows in eartorow plots and from seed saved in the experimental fields near by, the difference in yield was. The developments in quantitative genetics and the accumulated experimental data from the extensive breeding programs in the developed world have helped in the development of approaches that effectively complement the conventional hybrid breeding technologies. Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction. The video also describes the necessary attributes for a. Breeders have been effective in developing improved cultivars to meet the changing cultural and environmental conditions of the past 150 years. In the eartorow test alternate rows were detasseled to prevent. Other subspecies of zea mays are referred to as teosintes. Mass selection is a method in which the best ears from the best plants would be selected from a population of maize plants. In mass selection, seeds are collected from usually a few dozen to a few hundred desirable appearing individuals in a population, and the next generation is sown from the stock of mixed seed.
Crosspollination, where pollen from one plant can only fertilize a different plant. This book highlights modern trends in development of hybrids, analysis of genetic diversity, molecular breeding, comparative and functional. Genetics biotechnology and breeding of maize and sorghum. Responses to seven methods of recurrent selection in the bs11 maize population roger a. Greater attention to ear height and lodging resistance is required to reduce harvesting losses in the. However, if seven major maize producing countries are excluded from this group, data indicate that only 34% of the maize area is planted with improved seed despite considerable effort invested in maize breeding. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of maize. Feb 21, 2020 molecular breeding for developing improved quality protein maize cultivars. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Molecular breeding for developing improved quality protein maize cultivars. This bulletin is a report of l the comparative value of different methods of seed selection of an adapted variety, and 2 the value of first generation varietal crosses between standard varieties. History of plant breeding the most rudimentary forms of plant breeding likely originated during the transition of.
Analytical methods for sweetpotato, cassava and maize were developed. Table i summarizes yield gain data for several regions of the world during the period 19612002. Different regions varied in the size of annual gain, as well as in average yields at the beginning and the end of the interval, but all showed positive and significant gains. Dec 03, 2017 presentation on breeding techniques in maize 1. Abstract methods include these three phases, they vary in types recurrent selection methods have been effectively used by maize of progenies evaluated i. Steps and methods of plant breeding for disease resistance. In the us, maize is referred to most commonly as sweet corn, indian corn, or just corn, and these.
A joint production of the international maize and wheat improvement center cimmyt and the university of hohenheim. Chemical composition of the maize kernel components % carbohydrates 84,0 protein 10,9 fat 4,5 minerals 1,3 table 1. This has led researchers to investigate other options, such as farmerparticipatory plant breeding, for delivering the. A scientific explanation of the doubled haploid dh technique, including a step by step guide for the creation of a dh line. As the first step towards using molecular markers in cimmyts maize. Course content this course modern breeding techniques of maize focuses on 1 the latest scientific developments and tools to accelerate maize breeding both conventional breeding and biotechnological techniques, 2 the latest essential insights in the regulatory framework and environmental risk assessment. International data show a clear association between low agricultural productivity.
Basic genetics mendelian genetics principles of breeding maize plant breeding methods. Plant breeders use different methods depending on the mode of reproduction of crops, which include. Maize breeding and seed production by farmers was once the norm figure 1. An overview of the genetics of zea mays and a stepbystep procedure for making controlled crosses between varieties of. Participatory plant breeding with maize in mexico and. Mar 29, 2019 current limitations in breeding methods can also be partially addressed by the recent emergence of the crisprcas systems that provide an effective suite of applications and molecular tools to precisely and efficiently alter the genome in a userdefined manner. This issue of nature plants reports a powerful method to accelerate breeding 1. Crop science abstract predictive agriculture predictive. A simple method to improve efficiency of maize breeding.
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